Web technologys
Web technologys
The Web technology platform is a collection of web related media types that are applicable to web based applications, sites, and web documents. The Web
technology platform covers the following areas:
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- Web accessibility requirements
- The user impact for individual requirements
- The code level enhancements required for web accessibility
- Design and evaluation techniques that should be used during design, development and testing phases
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The web technology platform is divided into general areas of accessibility practice. For example, the images section provides information on accessibility
issues and techniques relating to Images. Each media type such as images is broken into best practices. Each best practice is split into sub-sections relating
to a best practice name, short description of the best practices (including user impact), compliant and non-compliant examples, remediation recommendations
and different evaluation techniques. Each best practices in the Web technology platform is associated with one or more accessibility standards. These accessibility
standards include but are not limited to Section 508 (revised) of the US Rehabilitation Act, WCAG 2.0, and WCAG 2.1.
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Animation
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Ensure alternatives to animation provide equivalent functionality
Ensure animated content is sufficiently described in text
Ensure blinking or flashing elements are avoided
Ensure decorative animations are played a limited number of times
Ensure elements blink or flash in a safe threshold
Ensure screen transition animation settles within 5 seconds
Ensure scripts that cause moving or slow blinking are avoided
Ensure the marquee element is avoided
Provide a non-animated equivalent or method to step through animation
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ARIA and Dynamic Content
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Avoid forced focus changes that are not user-initiated
Ensure auto-updating dynamic content can be paused, stopped, or hidden
Ensure content updates define focus updates appropriately
Ensure that dynamic content is rendered in-line with the controls that change it
Ensure that textual equivalent information is updated appropriately when an element’s state changes
Inform assistive technologies of changes in content
Provide a means for quickly navigating to frequently updated areas
Provide an accessible alert method for content changes that occur without explicit user knowledge
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ARIA
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Avoid inappropriate use of ARIA roles, states, and properties
Ensure ARIA regions, landmarks and HTML sections are identifiable
Ensure ARIA roles, states, and properties are valid
Ensure elements that use ARIA provide non-ARIA fallback accessible content when accessibility is not supported
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Live Regions
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Ensure live regions define atomicness unless they are not atomic
Ensure live regions define controlling elements when present
Ensure non-uniformly updated live regions use the ARIA busy attribute
Ensure relevant changes for live regions are explicitly defined if the change is not text or a node addition
Ensure that status messages can be determined programmatically without receiving focus
Indicate live regions for dynamically changing content
Provide long descriptions for complex live regions
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Authoring Tools
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Ensure authoring tools are capable of prompting authors to create content that conforms to WCAG 2 Level A/AA and conformance requirements
Ensure authoring tools capable of exporting to PDF 1.7 allow for the author to create PDF/UA conformant documents
Ensure authoring tools preserve the information required for accessibility when converting content from one format to another or saving content in different
formats
Ensure when templates are provided a variety of accessibility conformant templates are available
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Color and Contrast
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Ensure active user interface components have sufficient contrast
Ensure all parts of charts and infographics required for understanding the content have sufficient contrast
Ensure color is not the sole means of communicating information
Ensure color is not the sole means of indicating error messages
Ensure color is not used as the sole method of indicating selection
Ensure content with color conveys the same meaning without color, directly in the content, on-screen, and without additional user interaction
Ensure link text provides sufficient contrast
Ensure parts of graphical objects essential for understanding content have sufficient contrast
Ensure sufficient contrast is provided when background images are not available.
Ensure text and images of text provide sufficient contrast
Ensure text background color is specified when the foreground is specified and vice versa
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CSS
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Avoid use of the before, after, pseudo elements for non-decorative content
Ensure containing elements allow text resize without loss of functionality.
Ensure documents are readable without style sheets
Ensure screen reader specific content is rendered off-screen rather than hidden or not displayed
Ensure the reading order of content and elements are correct when viewed without style sheets
Provide text equivalents for icon fonts
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Custom Controls
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Ensure custom controls are keyboard accessible
Ensure custom controls provide proper textual name, role, and state information
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Calendar Controls
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Ensure calendar components are keyboard accessible
Ensure calendar components do not use color alone to convey selection/meaning
Ensure calendar components include data tables that properly identify header and data cells
Ensure that non-modal calendars are rendered inline with the controls that activate them
Ensure that when calendars are activated and deactivated focus moves appropriately
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Dialogs
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Ensure dialogs use proper structure
Ensure keyboard focus returns properly from dialogs
Ensure links that spawn dialogs indicate the fact
Ensure non-modal dialogs are rendered inline with the controls that activate them
Ensure that dialogs can be closed via the keyboard
Ensure that keyboard focus remains within modal dialogs
Ensure that when dialogs are activated focus moves appropriately
Provide a descriptive dialog title
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Multi-column List View Controls
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Ensure selectable rows are keyboard accessible
Ensure sortable headers can be triggered from the keyboard
Ensure sortable headers include proper text alternatives
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Page Tabs
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Ensure page tabs provide state and role
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Standalone, attached, and context menus
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Ensure fields indicate attached menus
Ensure keyboard and programmatic focus moves to opened menus
Ensure keyboard focus returns properly when menus are closed
Ensure menus can be opened from the keyboard
Ensure sub-menu items are keyboard accessible and communicate sub menu structure
Ensure that menus are rendered inline with the controls that activate them
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Trees and Outlines
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Ensure tree and outline node components are provided in the same link
Ensure tree and outline components programmatically provide level information
Ensure tree and outline components programmatically provide position information
Ensure tree and outline components programmatically provide state information
Ensure tree and outline components provide a programmatic name and role
Ensure tree and outline node components are accessible from the keyboard
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Data Tables
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Avoid using nested data tables
Avoid using sub-tables in header elements
Ensure complex data table headers are properly identified
Ensure complex data table headers are used in a valid fashion
Ensure complex data table’s implicit row header cells define scope or use th
Ensure data table header elements are provided in the same table as content
Ensure data table headers are properly identified
Ensure data table headers cells are not blank
Ensure data tables are formatted using table elements
Ensure data tables are not used to also layout content which is unrelated to the data
Ensure data tables do not contain blank rows or columns for presentation purposes
Ensure distinct tabular data is provided in separate data tables
Ensure headers and cells are properly associated
Ensure implicit row header cells use th elements with row scope
Ensure table captions are provided explicitly
Ensure table data/headers in separate columns is rendered in separate table cells
Ensure table headers are used in a valid fashion
Provide a table summary when a description of the table structure is needed
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Embedded Media and Object Elements
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Embed Flash Player content in a manner that exposes accessibility
Ensure applets provide valid text equivalents
Ensure audio that plays automatically can be controlled within the containing page
Ensure embedded and linked non-HTML media provide a link to an accessible plug-in
Ensure embedded elements and canvas elements provide a meaningful text equivalent
Ensure embedded objects are device-independent
Ensure embedded objects are directly accessible
Ensure the keyboard can be used to navigate through or past the embedded content
Ensure video, multimedia or animations that play automatically can be controlled within the containing page
Provide a text transcript for audio only presentations
Provide text equivalents for object, audio, and video elements
Provide text transcript or audio track of video only presentations
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Focus Control
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Avoid using event handlers that trigger focus or context changes on user input
Ensure interactive elements can be visually distinguished from non-actionable ones
Ensure keyboard focus is indicated visually
Ensure new windows do not open without user control
Ensure that content that appears on hover may be moved over with a pointer without disappearing
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Forms
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Avoid improper nesting of form elements and links
Avoid use of placeholder values to label or explain input
Ensure accessible usage of time based sessions and timed responses
Ensure CAPTCHAs are accessible both visually and audibly
Ensure checkboxes and radio buttons are positioned to the left of the labels
Ensure elements with multiple labels are rendered appropriately
Ensure error messages are explicitly indicated at the beginning of a form after submit
Ensure form component hierarchy is indicated in a textual manner
Ensure form field constraints and errors are associated with their corresponding field
Ensure form field labels are unique
Ensure form fields are laid out in an intuitive order
Ensure option elements in large lists are grouped
Ensure radio button groups are properly formed
Ensure rich edit entry fields are directly accessible or provide an alternative entry method
Ensure that common input fields allow autocomplete and use standard autocomplete values
Ensure that instructive text is placed at the beginning of a form
Ensure the visible text label for a control is included in the control’s accessible name
Ensure timing is not an essential part of functionality except for non-interactive synchronized media and real-time events
Provide a clear indication of fields in error for information that is submitted
Provide a consistent implementation of error and alert mechanisms
Provide a valid label for form fields
Provide alternatives for audio cues
Provide an indication of current location in search results
Provide error prevention for legal commitments, financial transactions, test responses, and data changes
Provide fieldsets for groups of form controls
Provide suggestions for error messages when known
Provide valid, concise, and meaningful alternative text for image buttons
Provide visual labels or instructions for user input
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Frames
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Ensure blank frames set text appropriately
Ensure frame titles are meaningful
Ensure frames do not use absolute sizing
Ensure frames utilize markup files as their source
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Image Maps
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Ensure area alternative text is meaningful and concise
Provide alternatives for server-side image maps
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Images
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Avoid redundant alt text for images with adjacent text or links
Ensure alternative text for images is spelled and spaced correctly
Ensure complex images provide sufficient descriptions
Ensure CSS background images that convey meaning have textual and visible equivalents
Ensure images provide informative alternative text
Ensure text is used instead of images of text when technology allows unless it is essential
Provide accessible names for progress bars and meters
Provide alternative text for images
Provide mathematical formulas in appropriate markup
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Charts and Graphs
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Ensure charts and graphs provide an informative and visible alternative description
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Keyboard Accessibility
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Avoid placing inactive elements in the focus order
Avoid the sole use of device-dependent event handlers
Avoid the sole use of the title attribute
Ensure accelerator/shortcut keys do not conflict with standard browser keystrokes
Ensure all active elements receive keyboard focus or can be activated with the keyboard
Ensure all interactive functionality is operable with the keyboard
Ensure all interactive functionality is operable with the keyboard (No exceptions)
Ensure all read-only edit elements can receive keyboard focus
Ensure biometric means are not the sole means of providing identification or control
Ensure JavaScript functionality is accessible from the keyboard
Ensure keyboard focus is not trapped
Ensure that character key shortcuts without modifiers can be reconfigured or deactivated
Ensure that content that appears on hover or focus may be dismissed by the user
Ensure the focus order of interactive elements on the page is logical
Provide documentation for non-standard or alternative keyboard commands that are required for access
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Language and Content
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Avoid line breaks within words
Document accessibility and compatibility features
Ensure alternative pages are not used unless absolutely necessary
Ensure changes in natural language are identified inline
Ensure content that appears on hover or focus is persistent until dismissed, not valid, or the trigger is removed
Ensure documented accessibility features of the platform are not disrupted
Ensure ICT support services provides information on accessibility and compatibility features
Ensure instructions do not rely solely on sensory characteristics
Ensure pages that provide alternatives for non-accessible pages provide equivalent functionality
Ensure short quotations are wrapped in q elements
Ensure text direction changes are indicated inline
Ensure that elements with the same functionality are consistently identified across pages
Ensure the language of a document is set
Provide support for effective communicate to support services
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Layout Tables
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Ensure absolute sizing in tables is avoided
Ensure layout tables do not contain structural markup
Ensure layout tables indicate their use for presentation purposes
Ensure layout tables linearize properly
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Links
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Ensure alternative text for image links is informative
Ensure link text is meaningful when taken out of context
Ensure link text is meaningful within context
Ensure links do not directly target images
Ensure related links are grouped
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Lists
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Ensure implicit list markup is avoided
Ensure list items are found in a list container
Ensure lists for indentation are not used
Ensure sub-lists are marked up properly
Ensure utilizing tables to provide lists of information is avoided
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Mobile
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Avoid restricting the operation or viewing of content in different display orientations
Ensure events triggered by single-point activation can be cancelled
Ensure that functionality can be operated through a single pointer except when a multi-point or path-based gesture is essential
Ensure that motion is not the only method to activate user interface components
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Multimedia
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Multimedia Alternatives
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Ensure auditory multimedia content is sufficiently and accurately described in the captions
Ensure visual multimedia content is sufficiently described in the audio portion of the multimedia
Provide an alternative or synchronized audio description for video (which includes audio) or other multimedia
Provide synchronized audio description for video (which includes audio) or other multimedia
Provide synchronized captions for live video (which includes audio) or other multimedia
Provide synchronized captions for video (which includes audio) or other multimedia
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Multimedia Control Playback
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Ensure audio is not played automatically on load
Ensure multimedia playback can be controlled
Provide shortcut keystrokes for media playback controls
Provide user controls for the selection of captions at the same menu level as the user controls for volume or program selection.
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Navigation
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Ensure a valid skip link target is present and is located appropriately
Ensure event handlers that trigger navigation or form submission are avoided
Ensure meta-redirects are avoided
Ensure pages do not automatically refresh
Ensure pages use a consistent navigation structure
Ensure speech is not the only means to access content
Ensure there is more than one way to locate a web page in a set of pages
Provide a mechanism for skipping past repetitive content
Provide a mechanism for skipping past repetitive links by means of visible links.
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Page Structure
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Avoid the use of implicit headings
Avoid unnecessary use of heading elements
Ensure blockquote is used for long quotes
Ensure combined text elements contain proper spacing
Ensure content is visible to assistive technologies
Ensure content that is intended to be hidden from all users is not rendered by assistive technology
Ensure heading level matches the heading’s visual importance/level
Ensure headings and labels are descriptive and unique
Ensure hr elements utilize relative sizing
Ensure markup documents contain well-formed elements
Ensure page reading order coincides with the focus order of the page
Ensure pages use the title element
Ensure proper markup is used to mark emphasized or special text formatting
Ensure shape and location are not the sole methods used to communicate information or hierarchy
Ensure that proper quotation markup is used
Ensure that the reading order of content is logical
Ensure the use of ASCII layouts is avoided
Ensure using ASCII art to simulate markup is avoided
Provide an informative, context-sensitive page title
Provide keyboard access to scrollable content
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Typography
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Ensure apps allow user preferences from platform settings for color, contrast, font type, font size, and focus cursor.
Ensure pages reflow without requiring two-dimensional scrolling without loss of content or functionality
Ensure text can be resized
Ensure that content and functionality is available when the user overrides text spacing properties
Limit the amount of horizontal scrolling required
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